June 14th

Events -

1276 - In exile in Fuzhou due to advancing Mongols, the Song Dynasty crowned Prince Zhào Shì (趙昰) as Emperor Duānzōng ( 端宗).  The next to the last Song emperor, he was the son of Emperor Duzong (宋度宗).  His older brother, Emperor Gong (恭宗), had been captured by the Mongols in 1276, so Zhào Shì fled with his brother Zhào Bǐng (趙昺) to Fuzhou and established a court there.  In 1278, with the Mongols closing in, Duānzōng fled again.  He almost drowned during his escape, becoming ill and dying two months later in May 1278.

1285 - Prince Chiêu Minh Trần Quang Khải, son of Vietnam's Emperor Trần Thái Tông, led an army against the invading Mongols and defeated them at a battle in Chương Dương.  The Mongols, who had recently taken control of China from the Song Dynasty, were seeking to advance south before being stopped by the Trần Dynasty.  Prince Trần Quang Khải, grand chancellor for his father, remained in that position until his death in 1294.

1287 - Prince Nayan, a great-great-grandson of Ghengis Khan's half brother Belgutei, revolted against the rule of Kublai Khan in Mongolia.  Kublai Khan's troops defeated the rebels in battle, after which Nayan was executed.

1381 - King Richard II of England met at Blackheath in London with leaders of the Peasants' Revolt (also known as Way Tyler's Rebellion).  The rebels presented the king with a list of demands, including the abolition of serfdom and the removal of some of the king's ministers. At the same time as this meeting, another group of rebels invaded the Tower of London and executed those hiding within, including the Archbishop of Canterbury (who was Chancellor of England) and the Lord Treasurer.  The following day, Richard promised to meet the rebels demands, but the nobles reasserted control, chasing down and executing most of the rebel leaders.

1821 - King Badi VII, the last king of the Sudanese kingdom of Sennar, surrendered his kingdom to the Ottoman Empire.  After surrendering to Isma'il Pasha, general of the Ottoman army, Badi was placed back in nominal control of his territory under the auspices of the Ottoman Empire.

Born on this date -

1529 - Ferdinand of Austria, second son of Emperor Ferdinand I and Anne of Bohemia and Hungary.  After the death of his father in 1564, he inherited Further Austria according to the terms of his father's will.  He was also an administrator in Bohemia from 1547-1567, under his father and his brother Maximilian II.  He had no surviving legitimate male issue - his first marriage was morganatic and his second produced only daughters - so his territory was united with the rest of the Habsburg domains on his death on January 24, 1595 at the age of 65.  His youngest daughter by his second wife became Holy Roman Empress as consort of her cousin Matthias.

1870 - Sophie Dorothea Ulrike Alice of Prussia, seventh child of Crown Prince Friedrich of Prussia and Victoria, Princess Royal of the United Kingdom (daughter of Queen Victoria).  Staying in London in 1887 during her grandmother's Golden Jubilee, Sophie became acquainted with Crown Prince Constantine of Greece.  During the mourning for her father, Emperor Friedrich, she agreed to marry Constantine.  The marriage was celebrated on October 27, 1889 in Athens.  Due to her status as Crown Princess, Sophie was required to convert to the Greek Orthodox faith, which caused an estrangement with her brother Kaiser Wilhelm II and his wife Empress Augusta.  When Augusta went into premature labor after an argument with Sophie about religion, Wilhelm proclaimed to his mother that it would be Sophie's fault if the baby died (he didn't).  Wilhelm even went so far as to ban Sophie from Germany, although there was nothing he could do if she visited the country while accompanied by her husband, who could not be arrested as the Crown Prince of a sovereign state.  On the assassination of her father-in-law in 1913, Sophie and her husband ascended the throne, but were forced into exile in 1917 because of Constantine's pro-Germany sympathies.  Their second son Alexander became King, but died three years later, at which time Constantine was invited back as king.  A year later, after a defeat at the hands of Turkey, Constantine was forced to abdicate again.  Sophie died in Germany ten years later January 13,1932 at the age of 61.  Of her six children with Constantine, three were Kings of Greece (Alexander I, George II and Paul I) and one was Queen Mother of Romania (Helen, mother of Michael I of Romania).  She was also the paternal grandmother of Queen Sofia of Spain.

1894 - Marie Adélaïde Thérèse Hilda Antonie Wilhelmine of Luxembourg, daughter of William IV of Luxembourg and Maria Anna of Portugal.  Since her father had no sons, she was named heiress presumptive in 1907 and became the reigning Grand Duchess of Luxembourg in 1912 on her father's death.  After the country was invaded by Germany during World War I, Marie Adélaïde became friendly with the Germans, making her look pro-German in the eyes of her people.  In 1919, the parliament began to demand her abdication, which she finally agreed to on January 14, 1919, being succeeded by her younger sister Charlotte.  After becoming a nun, she left religious life because of ill health and died of the flu at the age of 29 on January 24, 1924.

Died on this date -

1161 - Emperor Qinzong (欽宗) of the Song Dynasty of China, aged 61.  He was born on May 23, 1100, the oldest son of Emperor Huizong (徽宗) and Empress Xiangong (顯恭皇后), with the name Zhao Huan (趙烜).  As the Jurgen of the Jin Dynasty prepared to invade, Emperor Huizong abdicated in favor of his son in 1126.  Qinzong tried to make peace with the Jurgen, but his lands were invaded anyway and he was captured in January 1127.  He was deported to northern Manchuria, where he spent the rest of his life imprisoned.