June 11th

Events - 

1509 - King Henry VIII of England married Catherine of Aragon, thus beginning Henry's checkered marital history.  Catherine was the widow of Henry's older brother Arthur, but claimed that the marriage had never been consummated.  Soon after Arthur died, marriage between Henry and Catherine was already being discussed between Henry VII of England and Ferdinand II of Aragon, Henry having already spent a good portion of Catherine's dowry, which he would have had to return if her second marriage wasn't made to another member of his family.  There was even talk that Henry VII was thinking of marrying her himself, since he had only one living son.  Henry VII dithered on the proposed marriage, and died before matters could be resolved.  Henry VIII, who seemed to truly love Catherine at the time, married her as soon as feasible after his father's death (less than two months).  Catherine had no problem getting pregnant, but out of six pregnancies, she had two stillbirths (one boy, one girl), three babies of whom the longest lived was just under two months (two boys, one girl), and one surviving girl, Mary.  By the time of her last pregnancy, Catherine was already into her thirties.  Since England had never "technically" had a queen regnant (Empress Matilda was hardly in power long enough to count in the 1140s), Henry was obsessed with having a son.  In the mid-1520s, one of Catherine's ladies-in-waiting, Anne Boleyn, caught his eye and he began to look for ways to get out of his marriage.  He claimed he was being punished with no living sons because he had sinned in marrying his brother's widow, as well as suggesting the marriage was invalid because Catherine had consummated her marriage to Arthur.  Finally, after much protesting on Catherine's part and the reluctance of the Catholic Church to sanction an annulment, Henry's new Archbishop of Canterbury declared the marriage invalid - even though he had secretly married a pregnant Anne Boleyn four months earlier.  Catherine was more or less kept imprisoned in two castles, forbidden to see her daughter Mary, until she died, probably of cancer, in January 1536.  Ironically, the woman she had been tossed away for only survived her by four months.

Born on this date - 

1456 - Anne Neville, daughter of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, and Anne Beauchamp.  Along with her older sister Isabella, Anne would spend her childhood as a marriage pawn in her father's desire for power.  Warwick first encouraged relationships to develop between his daughters and the younger brothers of King Edward IV, George and Richard.  When Edward refused to grant permission for the marriages, Warwick had Isabella married to George, who remained on Warwick's side when he rebelled against Edward with the intent of putting George on the throne.  Richard, who remained on Edward's side in the conflict, was separated from Anne.  When it became obvious that putting George on the throne would not work, Warwick made a deal with Margaret of Anjou to help her regain the throne for her husband Henry VI, and offered his daughter Anne as wife for Margaret and Henry's son Edward.  Warwick did succeed in driving Edward IV and Richard from the kingdom and install Henry VI back on the throne, but Edward and Richard invaded England in the spring of 1470.  Warwick was killed in the Battle of Barnet on Easter Sunday, 1471.  The Lancastrians made a last stand at Tewkesbury at the beginning of May, but they were defeated and Edward, Prince of Wales, was killed, leaving Anne a widow.  Anne was taken into her sister and brother-in-law's home shortly afterwards, but disappeared under mysterious circumstances.   Theories behind the disappearance include George hiding her away to prevent Richard from marrying her, or Anne running away because George was threatening her, again to prevent her marriage to Richard.  The Neville sisters were their parents' only heirs and George didn't want to split the inheritance with Richard and Anne.  Richard eventually found her and took her to sanctuary, where George could not get to her.  Richard and Anne finally married in July 1472 and settled at their mutual childhood home of Middleham.  They lived contentedly there for 11 years with Richard as Lord of the North, trying to reconcile northern Lancastrians to Yorkist rule.  About a year after their marriage, Anne gave birth to their only son, Edward of Middleham.  After Richard became King of England when the marriage of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville was declared invalid (making all their children bastards, and thus ineligible for the throne), Anne, who had been Princess of Wales through her first husband, was now Queen of England through her second.  Anne would not enjoy her time as Queen.  In April 1484, her only child died suddenly of what seems to be appendicitis.  Anne would die the following year at the age of 28, likely of tuberculosis.  There were rumors that Richard poisoned his wife so that he could take another who would give him sons, but Anne had been ailing for some time and contemporary reports indicate Richard was very grieved when she died.

1726 - María Teresa Antonia Rafaela of Spain, the second daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elizabeth Farnese.  Relations were tense between the French and Spanish royal courts, largely due to a broken engagement between Louis XV and Maria Teresa's older sister Mariana Victoria.  Maria Teresa was engaged to Louis XV's son Louis, while her brother Felipe of Spain was married to Louis' sister Louise Elisabeth of France.  Five years after her engagement was announced, Maria Teresa married Louis, the Dauphin by proxy in December 1844 and arrived in France two months later.  Although the marriage did not start off well - it went unconsummated for seven months - Louis and Maria Teresa seem to have fallen in love.  Nine months later, Maria Teresa gave birth to a daughter and died 3 days later in July 1746.  The Dauphin was so devastated that the King had to drag his son away from his wife's deathbed.  When the Dauphin died 19 years later, he requested that his heart be buried by his first wife.

1897 - Tatiana Nikolaevna Romanova (Татьяна Николаевна), second daughter of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Alix of Hesse.  For the second time, Alix had given birth to a daughter instead of the son Russia wanted, since girls could not inherit the throne.  Two more daughters followed after Tatiana's birth before the long-awaited heir was finally born.  Her sisters gave her the nickname "The Governess" as she was the practical and organized one.  They also said that if they needed a favor from their parents, Tatiana should be the one to ask for it.  After World War I began, Tatiana trained as a Red Cross nurse with her mother and older sister Olga.  At the outbreak of the revolution, Tatiana was sick at Alexander Palace with the rest of her siblings - that had all contracted measles.  Nicholas returned to the family soon after the abdication, and the family lived in fairly comfortable captivity at their home until August, when they were taken to Tobolsk in Siberia for protection.  While they were in Tobolsk, the Bolsheviks overthrew the Provisional Government in the October Revolution.  Soon, life became more difficult for the Romanovs, and they were told they were being moved to Moscow, presumably for trial.  However, Alexei was suffering a hemorrhage and was unable to travel.  Afraid of what might happen to Nicholas, Alix decided to travel with him and took Maria along to help take care of her.  Tatiana was left behind in charge of the household.  Nicholas and his party was diverted to Ekaterinburg by a bloodthirsty Ural Soviet which was anxious to take revenge on Nicholas.  The rest of the family joined them a few weeks later in Ekaterinburg.  Two months later, on July 17, 1918, Tatiana was murdered at the age of 21, along with her parents, four siblings, and four servants.  The bodies remained missing until a grave containing nine of the eleven bodies was excavated in 1991.  Tatiana's body was finally given a proper burial with the rest of the recovered bodies on July, 17, 1998, the 80th anniversary of the murders.

1928 - Fabiola de Mora y Aragón, daughter of Gonzalo de Mora y Fernández and Blanca de Aragón y Carrillo de Albornoz.  Fabiola married King Baudouin of Belgium on December 15, 1960.  Unfortunately, the new queen was unable to provide an heir to the throne, as all five of her pregnancies ended in miscarriage.  As a result, when her husband died in 1993, his younger brother Albert succeeded to the throne.  Although she reduced her appearances after her husbands death, she still does make appearances on behalf of the Royal Family.

1934 - Henri Marie Jean André de Laborde de Monpezat, son of André de Laborde de Monpezat and Renée Doursenot.  In June 1967, he married the heiress presumptive to the Danish throne, Princess Margarete.  The couple have two sons and eight grandchildren. 

1968 - Alois Philipp Maria von und zu Liechtenstein, the son of Prince Hans Adam II and Marie Aglaë Kinsky of Wchinitz and Tettau.  Their oldest son, Alois is the heir apparent to the Lichtenstein throne.  In preparation for his future responsibilities, Hans Adam II handed the day-to-day governmental power over to his son, although he remains head of state.  In July 1993, Alois married Duchess Sophie in Bavaria.  The couple has four children, the oldest of whom is second in line to the throne after his father.

Died on this date -

1183 - Henry of England, "the Young King", aged 28.  Henry was born on February 28, 1155 as the son of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine.  In June 1170, Henry was crowned king during his father's lifetime, following the custom on the continent.  Two years later, Henry married Margaret of France, daughter of Louis VII of France by his second wife.  Henry, who wanted his father to share the power, and not just the title, of king, rebelled against his father in 1173.  The civil war which resulted from this rebellion led to Eleanor of Aquitaine being kept a prisoner for the remainder of her husband's life.  Henry would predecease his father, contracting dysentery in Jun 1183 while on a campaign against his father and brother Richard.  Near the end, he asked for is father, but Henry II, suspecting a trick, refused to meet his son.  Henry did send men to ascertain his son's condition and to pass on a ring as a sign of the father's love.  Henry predeceased his own son William, who lived for a few days in 1177.  As a result, Richard became heir to the throne - although Henry kept him in suspense over whether he wasn't going to be bypassed - and became King when their father died.

1216 - Henry of Flanders, Emperor of the Latin empire of Constantinople, aged about 42.  He was born around 1174 as the son of Baldwin V of Hainault (also Baldwin VIII of Flanders) and Margaret I of Flanders.  He distinguished himself during the Fourth Crusade and was named regent of Constantinople when his older brother Baldwin was captured after the Battle of Adrianople.  Once word of Baldwin's death reached him, he ascended to the throne.  By his first wife, Agnes of Montferrat, he only had a stillborn child.  His second marriage, to Maria of Bulgaria, was childless.  Henry's death was allegedly caused by poison, possibly supplied by his second wife.

1488 - James III of Scotland, aged 36.  He was the son of King James II of Scotland and Mary of Guelders and was born on July 10, 1451.  He was nine when he ascended the throne after his father was killed by a misfiring cannon.  James married Margaret of Denmark in 1469 and had three sons, the oldest of whom would succeed his father as James IV.  James died at the Battle of Sauchieburn, fighting against a rebellious group of Scottish nobles, leading to the succession of yet another child king.

1557 - João III of Portugal, aged 55.  He was born the son of King Manuel I of Portugal and Maria of Aragon on June 7, 1502.  He succeeded his father as King in 1521 when he was 19.  Portugal during his reign was the first western country to make contact with China and Japan.  He married Catherine of Austria, a marriage which produced nine children.  None of his sons followed him as king, as they all predeceased him.  His successor was his grandson Sebastião I, son of his fifth son João, who ascended to the throne at three when João died of a stroke.

1727 - King George I of Great Britain, aged 67.  He was the son of Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover, and Sofia von der Pfalz.  Sofia was the heir to the throne of Great Britain under the 1701 Act of Settlement, which barred Catholics and those married to Catholics from the throne.  Sofia predeceased Queen Anne by two months, leaving her claim to the British throne to her son, George.  George went back and forth between his two kingdoms, spending about a fifth of his time in Hanover.  It was while on a trip to Hanover that he had a stroke and died, being succeeded by his only son, George II.

1879 - Willem Nicolaas Alexander Frederik Karel Hendrik, Prince of Orange, aged 38. He was born on September 4, 1840, the son of King Willem III of the Netherlands and Sophie of Württemberg.  Willem was originally looked at by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert as a possible husband for their second daughter, Alice.  After those plans fell through, Willem fell in love with the non-royal Mathilde van Limburg-Stirum.  Even though she was from a noble family, his parents refused to allow the marriage, not seeing her as a suitable bride for their son.  Willem planned to marry Mathilde without permission, but since she was under 21, her parents still had to approve.  After her parents' lack of approval, Willem moved to Paris, where he led a dissipated life..  He died of typhus and liver problems.  After both Willem and his brother predeceased their father, the succession law in the Netherlands was changed to allow their half-sister Wilhelmina to succeed to the throne, which she did in 1890.

1903 - Alexander I of Serbia, aged 26 and Queen Draga of Serbia, aged 38.  He was the son of King Milan I of Serbia and Natalija Keşco and was born on August 14, 1876.  He unexpectedly came to the throne in 1889 when his father abdicated, with his mother as regent until he came of age.  When he was 16, he overthrew the regency and declared himself of age.  The following year, he made his father commander-in-chief of the army, in essence making him the country's ruler again.  Alexander's engagement to the widowed Draga Mašin (born September 11, 1864) in 1900 was very unpopular, both with his family and the country at large.  The marriage weakened the king in everyone's eyes.  When Alexander wished to name his wife's brother as his heir if their marriage was childless, a group of Army officers revolted and invaded the palace, murdering the King and Queen.  Eyewitnesses said that their mutilated bodies were thrown out a window onto a manure pile.  Alexander was replaced on the throne by Peter I, from the rival family of Karađorđević, which had ruled Serbia before the Obrenović family.

1914 - Adolf Friedrich V of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, aged 65.  He was born on July 22, 1848, the son of Grand Duke Friedrich Wilhelm of Mecklenburg and Augusta of Cambridge (granddaughter of King George III of Great Britain).  He became the grand duke on the death of his father in 1904, and at the time of his death, he was the second richest person in Germany after Kaiser Wilhelm II.  By his wife, Elisabeth of Anhalt, he had four children, including his heir Adolf Friedrich VI, who committed suicide four years later, a few months before the abolition of the monarchy.

June 7th

Events -

421 - Emperor Theodosius II of the Byzantine Empire married Aelis Eudocia in Constantinople. Theodosius and Eudocia were both important figures in the rise of Christianity during the early days of the Byzantine Empire.  Theodosius is mostly known for the Codex Theodosianus, which codified all the laws from the time of Constantine to Theodosius' time.  As Theodosius was increasingly interested in Christianity, a large part of his Codex dealt with implementing orthodoxy into the Church - during a time when the Arian Controversy was major issue for Christians - and 65 of the decrees in the Codex were directed specifically at heretics.  Eudocia's work is little considered today, but in her day it was important in understanding the rise of Christianity in Byzantium.  She drew from both her Greek heritage and Christianity in her most famous work, a Homeric centos, where she used Homeric themes from Iliad and Odyssey to interpret biblical passages from Genesis and New Testament stories of Jesus, using the familiar Homer to bring the tenets of Christianity to a people who were still fairly new to the religion.  Of the couple's three children, their only son died in infancy, one daughter died in childhood, and their surviving daughter married two emperors of the Western Roman Empire - Valentinian III and Petronus Maximus.

1654 - The man who would become the longest-reigning monarch in the Western world (72 years and 110 days) was crowned this day, 11 years after he had come to the throne at the age of five.  As the head of the preeminent power in Europe, he led France through three major wars and two minors one.  Although there is no proof that he ever said it, "L'État, c'est moi" summed up his ardent belief in the divine rights of Kings.  With his wife, Maria Theresa of Spain, of whom he said the only unease she had ever caused him was when she died, he had six children, none of whom would succeed him to the throne.  Only one of their children, Louis, know as le Grand Dauphin, survived to adulthood.  The Dauphin's early death of smallpox when he was 49 left the next generation as heirs to the throne.  Of the three sons of the Dauphin, the youngest was the Duke of Berry, the middle had become the King of Spain (as a result of the treaty that ended the War of Spanish Succession), and the oldest, the Duke of Burgundy, le Petit Dauphin, was now heir to France's throne.  As Burgundy had two sons himself, the succession seemed to be secure.  But then the Duke of Burgundy died in 1712 after catching measles from his dying wife.  Both their sons caught the disease, and the older of the two, Louis, Duke of Brittany, died as well.  The two-year-old Duke of Anjou, great grandson of Louis XIV, was now the only surviving heir in the direct line.  Then le Grand Dauphin's youngest son, Berry, died in 1714 in a hunting accident, making the next heir after the young Duke of Anjou the middle son of le Grand Dauphin - King Philip V of France (whose sudden interest in a throne he had renounced his claims to may have started another war in Europe).  Fortunately, Anjou's nurse kept the doctor's away from him, refusing to let them do any bloodletting, which is widely credited with saving his life.  Like his great grandfather, Anjou would come to the throne at the age of five as Louis XV.

1940 and 1945 - King Haakon VI, along with his son Crown Prince Olaf, arrived in London in exile after the Germans starting bombing government sites because Haakon and his government refused to appoint a Nazi sympathize as Prime Minister after Norway was invaded by the Nazis.  Haakon reported the ultimatum to the Council of State, which agreed unanimously with the King not to make the appointment.  The King, Prince and Council worked on staying one step ahead of the Germans hunting them until they could be safely evacuated to London.  The Nazi's attempted to force Parlament to force the King to abdicate, but the King refused. Exactly five years after they went into exile, Haakon and the government returned to Oslo on June 7, 1945 to cheering crowds.

1977 - The high day of Queen Elizabeth II's Silver Jubilee draws 500 million people to television to watch the festivities.  35 years later, the Queen has just finished celebrating her Diamond Jubilee, making 60 years on the throne.

Born on this date -

1840 - Marie Charlotte Amélie Augustine Victoire Clémentine Léopoldine of Belgium, only daughter of King Leopold I of Belgium and Marie-Louise of France (daughter of future King Louis-Philippe I of France).  When she was 17, she married her second cousin, Archduke Maximilian of Austria, younger brother of Emperor Franz Josef.  Napoléon III, wishing to add Mexico to his empire, sought out Maximilian as a figurehead for the throne of Emperor of Mexico.  Maximilian agreed and Charlotte and her husband were crowned in 1864 as Emperor and Empress of Mexico.  After they were abandoned by the French, Charlotte returned to Europe seeking assistance to prop up their shaky throne.  After several refusals, she suffered an emotional collapse and never returned to Mexico.  In 1867, three years after their coronation, Maximilian was overthron and executed.  Living in seclusion after the death of her husband (one of her brother even had her declared insane), Charlotte died January 19, 1927 at the age of 86.

1907 - Sigvard Oscar Fredrik Bernadotte, son of King Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden and his first wife Margaret of Connaught.  He renounced his right to the throne in 1934 to marry a commoner.  He was one of Queen Victoria's longest-lived descendants when he died February 4, 2002 at the age of 94.

1969 - Joachim Holger Waldemar Christian of Denmark, younger son of Queen Margarthe II and Henrik, Prince Consort.  With his first wife, he is the father of two sons; with his second, he has a son and a daughter.

Died on this date -

1329 - King Robert I of Scotland, known as Robert the Bruce, aged 54.  Robert was born July 11, 1274 to Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale, and Marjorie, Countess of Carrick.  Robert and his father both initially sided with Edward I after John Balliol was picked as the new King of Scotland.  Robert's grandfather, the 5th Lord of Annandale, resigned his title over to his son possibly so he not to have to swear fealty to John.  The Bruces believed their claim to the throne was superior to the Balliol family.  After swearing fealty to Edward I of England, the younger Robert reneged on his oath and sided with the Scottish rebels in 1297.  Robert wavered between loyalty to Edward and loyalty to his country.  Robert finally choose Scotland when he had himself crowned King of Scotland in 1306.  The next few years were spent battling the English, until Scotland's independence was won militarily at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314.  Ongoing conflicts with England and Ireland consumed much of his reign.  Robert died of what was believed at the time to be leprosy, although alternative explanations have been put forth.

1394 - Anne of Bohemia, Queen of England, aged 28 of the plague.  She was born to Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV and Elizabeth of Pomerania on May 11, 1366.  She married Richard II of England in 1382, and despite the length of their marriage, they were to have no children.  Genuinely loved by her husband, her death is often cited as one of the causes that led down the path to eventually losing his throne.

1840 - King Friedrich William III of Prussia, aged 69.  He was born August 3, 1770 as the son of Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia and Frederika Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt.  He became King of Prussia at his father's death in 1797.  With his wife Luise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, he had 10 children, among whom were his two successors as King of Prussia and an Empress Consort of Russia.

2002 - Lillian, Princess of Réthy, aged 85.  She was born Mary Lilian Baels and became known for being the second wife of King Leopold III of Belgium.  They secretly married while Leopold was being held prisoner by the Germans in Laeken Castle.  The wedding was very controversial in Belgium - it was considered an insult to the late Queen Astrid and Lillian was considered little more than a social climber.  Before her death, Lillian had wanted to be buried at Argenteuil, but she was buried in the royal crypt beside her husband and his first wife.

June 6th

Events -

1513 - The Battle of Novara, part of the War of the League of Cambrai, was fought between French forces and the Swiss Confederation on behalf of the Duchy of Milan.  The Swiss won the battle for Milan, which lead to the restoration of Milan's Duke, Massimiliano Sforza.  Massimiliano went into exile two years later after the French were victorious at the Battle of Marignano.

1523 - Gustav Vasa was crowned Gustav I of Sweden, and is considered to be the founder of the modern country of Sweden, since his coronation ended the Danish-led Kalmar Union.  The date of Gustav's coronation is still celebrated today as the National Day of Sweden (Sveriges nationaldag).

1644 - The Shunzhi Emperor's (順治帝) Manchu forces conquered Beijing during the dying years of the Ming Dynasty.  The Shunzhi Emperor (personal name Fulin) was the third emperor of the Qing Dynasty and the collapse of the Ming Dynasty made him the first emperor to rule all China.  The emperor entered the city on October 19th, and officially became Emperor of China on October 30th.  The Qing Dynasty would rule China until 1912.

1654 - Karl X Gustav, son of Catherine of Sweden and grandson of King Karl IX, succeeded his cousin Queen Christina as ruler of Sweden after Christina abdicated to become a Roman Catholic.  Karl X reigned for six years until his early death of pneumonia in November 1660 when he was 37.

1674 - Shivaji Bhosale was crowned sovereign of the newly-created Maratha Empire.  The empire at its greatest extent covered most of the Indian subcontinent.  The empire was founded after a resistance movement succeeded in freeing the Maratha people from the rule of the Mughal Empire and Sultanate of Bijapur.  The Maratha Empire re-established Hindu rule over India and lasted until the British gained control of India in 1818.

1808 - Joseph-Napoléon Bonaparte, brother of Emperor Napoléon, was created King of Spain and the Indies by his brother.  Joseph was never popular in Spain and eventually abdicated in 1813 after the defeat of the French in the Battle of Vitoria by the British.

1809 - Sweden instituted a new constitution and elected Karl XII as King of Sweden to succeed Karl's nephew Gustav IV Adolf, who had abdicated in March.

1857 - Sophia of Nassau-Weilburg married Prince Oskar of Sweden, son of then-King Oskar I and the future Oskar II.

Born on this date -

1714 - Infante José of Portugal, later King José I, third child of King João V of Portugal and Maria Anna of Austria.  José's older brother died at the age of two, making José heir apparent to the throne.  He became King after the death of his father in 1750, reigning for 35 years.  With his wife Mariana Victoria of Spain, he was the father of the future Maria I of Portugal, the first undisputed Queen Regnant in the country's history.  The most notable event of José's reign was the great Lisbon earthquake in 1755, which lead to the King developing a severe case of claustrophobia, despite the fact that he and his family had been outside the city attending All Saints' Day Mass when the earthquake struck and destroyed the royal palace.  The King's condition led to the royal court being moved into tents and pavilions outside the city of Lisbon.  The King died at the age of 62 on February 24, 1777.

1772 - Maria Teresa of Naples, daughter of Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and Maria Caroline of Austria (daughter of Empress Maria Teresa of Austria).  Maria Teresa married her double first cousin Archduke Franz of Austria, who later became the last Holy Roman Emperor as Franz II and Emperor of Austria as Franz I.  Maria Teresa died April 13, 1807 at the age of 34, a week after giving birth to her 13th child.  Among her children were Marie Louise (2nd wife of Napoléon), Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria, Maria Leopoldina (Empress consort of Brazil) and Marie Caroline (Crown Princess of Saxony).

1807 - Nguyễn Phúc Miên Tông of Vietnam, son of Emperor Minh Mang and Hồ Thị Hoa.  He became the third emperor of Vietnam's Nguyễn Dynasty after the death of his father in 1841, taking the name Thiệu Trị.  He was known for his desire to rid Vietnam of all Christian missionaries, which strained relations between Vietnam and France.  Although missionaries were persecuted during his reign, his order for all Christians in the country to be executed was ignored.  He died November 4, 1847 at the age of 40 and was succeeded by his son Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Nhậm, who reigned as Emperor Tu Duc.

1872 - Princess Alix Viktoria Helena Luise Beatrice of Hesse, sixth child of the future Grand Duke Ludwig IV of Hesse and Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, third child of Queen Victoria.  Alix lost her mother at age six and was raised by her father with much input from her grandmother the Queen.  In 1884, at the wedding of her older sister Elisabeth to Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia, brother of Tsar Alexander III, Alix fell in love with Alexander III's oldest son, Tsesarevich Nicholas.  Nicholas returned her feelings and pursued her in the early 1890s, with encouragement from his Uncle Sergei and Aunt Ella and despite the disapproval of his parents, who wanted a grander bride for their son.  Although Alix refused his suit due to the requirement that she change her religion to Russian Orthodoxy to marry the heir to the throne, Nicholas persisted.  Finally, at the wedding of Alix's brother to Alix and Nicholas' mutual cousin Victoria Melita of Edinburgh, Alix was convinced to overcome her objections to conversion and accepted Nicholas' proposal.  The wedding, originally planned for May 1895, was moved forward to November 1894 after the early death of Nicholas' father, giving Alix little time to acclimate to Russia and learn the language before becoming Empress.  Shortly after Alexander III's death, Alix was received into the Orthodox church and took the name Alexandra Feodorovna (Александра Фёдоровна).  It took almost ten years, and the births of four daughters, before Alix finally gave birth to an heir to the throne, Alexei - changes to the law during the reign of Pavel I restricted the throne to male Romanovs unless all male dynasts had died out.  Sadly, Alix passed to Alexei the "royal disease" hemophilia, which she had inherited from her mother Alice, who had inherited it from Queen Victoria.  The secrecy surrounding Alexei's condition, plus Alix's reliance on alleged holy man Rasputin to alleviate Alexei's condition helped contribute to the fall of the Romanov Dynasty.  Revolution broke out in 1917 and Nicholas was forced to abdicate on March 15th.  The family was held in captivity first at their home in Tsarskoe Selo, then in Tobolsk, and finally at Ipatiev House in Ekaterinburg, the latter two cities in Siberia.  The family's position became tenuous after the Bolsheviks seized power from the provisional government in November 1917, and the execution of the entire family was ordered by the Ural Soviet (although the ultimately decision reportedly rested with Vladimir Lenin).  In the early morning hours of July 17, 1918, Alix (aged 46), Nicholas, their five children (ranging in age from 13 to 22), their doctor and three servants were shot, bayoneted and bludgeoned to death.  Many other Romanovs, including Alix's sister Ella and Nicholas' brother Mikhail, were executed between June 1918 and January 1919.  The location of the family's remains remained unknown until 1991, when a grave was excavated near Ekaterinburg containing the bodies of nine of the eleven people massacred in Ipatiev House - the bodies of Alexei and one of his sisters (either Maria or Anastasia) were missing.  The bodies which had been found were buried in St. Petersburg on the 90th anniversary of the murders.  The two missing bodies were finally recovered in 2007 and positively identified the following year, although they have yet to be buried.

1934 - Prince Albert Félix Humbert Théodore Christian Eugène Marie of the Belgians, second son of King Leopold III of the Belgians and Astrid of Sweden.  He succeeded as King Albert II after the death of his childless older brother King Baudouin in 1993.  With his wife Paola Ruffo di Calabria, he is the father of three children, including the heir to the throne Prince Philippe.  Second in line to the throne is Philippe's oldest child Élisabeth, who due to a change in the succession laws ten years before her birth is eventually expected to become Belgium's first Queen Regnant.

1938 - Luís Gastão Maria José Pio Miguel Gabriel Rafael Gonzaga de Orléans e Bragança e Wittelsbach, son of Prince Pedro Henrique of Orléans-Braganza and Maria Elisabeth of Bavaria.  Luis is a pretended to the defunct throne of Brazil as a great grandson of Emperor Pedro II and is known to legitimists as Luiz I of Brazil.  His "heir apparent" is his younger brother Bertrand, who became heir when three other brothers renounced their claim to the throne to marry commoners.

Died on this date - 

1393 - Emperor Go-En'yū (後円融天皇), Northern Pretender to the Japanese throne, aged 34.  He was born on January 11, 1359 with the name of Ohito (緒仁), the son of Emperor Go-Kōgon (後光厳天皇, also a Northern Pretender) and Fujiwara no Nakako (藤原仲子).  He nominally ruled Japan during the time known as the Period of Northern and Southern Courts, a 56-year period in which separate ruling courts were set up by rival emperors.  He became the Northern Pretender on the abdication of his father in 1371.  He abdicated in favor of his son Motohito (幹仁親王), who ruled as Emperor Go-Komatsu (後小松天皇) and later became the sole emperor of Japan when the Southern Court emperor abdicated in his favor.  The current Imperial family of Japan is descended from the Northern Pretenders, even though a law passed in 1911 proclaimed the descendants of the Southern Court emperors as the legitimate Emperors of Japan.

2012 - Prince Tomohito of Mikasa (寛仁親王), aged 66, died of cancer which he had battled on and off for over 20 years. Tomohito was born on January 5, 1946 to Prince Takahito (三笠宮崇仁親王) and Takagi Yuriko (崇仁親王妃百合子).  Takahito is the younger brother of Emperor Shōwa (昭和天皇, Hirohito), and the only surviving uncle of the current emperor, making Tomohito a first cousin of Emperor Akihito (明仁).  Tomohito was the heir apparent to the title Prince Mikasa.  He earned the nickname "bearded prince" for being the first member of the Imperial house to wear a full beard since Emperor Meiji 100 years ago.  With his wife Asō Nobuko (麻生信子), whom he had married in 1980, he had two daughters Akiko (彬子女王) and  Yōko (瑶子女王).